Smith

PARTS OF EARTH ASSIGNMENT
 * Welcome to your personal class wiki page. Only you should edit this wiki and no other page unless designated by Mr. Miller. It is very important that you follow this protocol. If you edit another student's page it will show in the history of that page and you will be penalized or reprimanded appropriately. This should be a fun activity and will be part of your grade. If you have any questions feel free to email Mr. Miller at any time.**
 * 1) What is the main composition of the Earth's core?
 * 2) Which layer of the Earth is thinnest?
 * 3) Which layer of the Earth is the source of all of the materials that we use?
 * 4) What is the theory that describes the changes of the earth's surface over time?
 * 5) Which layer of the Earth is described in question 4?
 * 6) Which type of boundary marks the location where two plates move apart from one another?
 * 7) Give an example of a transform boundary..
 * 8) Define a subduction zone.
 * 9) What causes sea floor spreading?
 * 10) Describe the formation of a rift.


 * 1) The main composition of Earth's core is mostly nickel and iron.
 * 2) The thinnest layer of the earth is the crust.
 * 3) The crust is the layer of the earth where we can get all of our materials.
 * 4) Plate tectonics theory is the theory of the Earth's changes that have taken place.
 * 5) Lithosphere. (plate tectonics)
 * 6) Divergent boundary.
 * 7) The boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate in California.
 * 8) The ocean crust is pulled under continental crust.
 * 9) Divergent boundaries in the middle of the ocean cause sea floor spreading.
 * 10) Two continental plates diverge, or pull apart, and form a rift.

WHAT IS A MINERAL


 * 1) Identify the 5 essential characteristics of a mineral.
 * 2) Identify three properties used to identify minerals.
 * 3) Identify three examples a mineral. Identify the composition of each mineral by the formula of the compound and name of a compound

1. 5 essential characteristics of a mineral are 1. it must occur naturally 2. it but be inorganic 3. it must be a solid 4. it must have an orderly internal structure with a definite pattern 5. it must have a definite chemical composition 2. Three properties used to identify minerals are 1. hardness 2. crystal structure and 3. optical properties 3. Cu(Co,Ni)2S4 Carrollite made of Copper, Cobalt and Nickel. HgS Cinnabar is a sulfide mineral of mercury (Mg,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 Clinochlore is made of Manganese, Aluminum, Silicon, Oxygen and Hydrogen


 * Life Cycle of Copper/BS4 **
 * 1) What factors make it worthwhile for a mining company to mine in a specific location for a particular ore?
 * 2) List and describe the seven steps in the copper cycle. (They are not all listed word-for-word. You will have to use your own description in some instances.)


 * 1) The amount of useful ore where they are mining, the percent of metal there, the type of mining and processing needed to get the metal out, the distance of the mine from the metal refining facility and markets, and the metal's status because of supply versus demand
 * 2) The copper ore starts in the ground. Then the ore is reduced to only copper. Next copper metal is melted to make it able to be molded. Then the copper metal is molded into things we can use such in life like pots and pans. Then the products are distributed throughout the country and some are thrown away. The copper is then recycled and the recycled copper can be reused.

**B:** yes because sooner or later there won't be any copper left that anyone wants to recycle. It will all be used. **B :** house phones are barely used now because everyone has cells. So copper wires aren't going to be needed anymore for the phones with cords. Also, wire cords won't be needed for the computer wires because most people have laptops. writing letters, fiber optics, **C:** the copper that power plants have doesn’t corrode easily so they won't need more until it does. solar power **D :** people are starting to use a lot of wireless things so the copper demand will decrease because wires will not be needed much longer
 * Building Skills 4 pg. 115-16 **
 * 1) pots, pans, and food preparation machinery because it conducts heat good so it will get hot and cook food. it won't corrode so it will be able to be used for a long time too. It is also good for jewelery and coins because its cheap to get, shiny, doesn't corrode easy and its malleable. Its good for roofs and pipes because its malleable and will not corrode.
 * 2) **A:** If you recycle more scrap metal you could melt it into molten copper and use it again like a new copper ore.
 * 1) **A:** people use credit cards now, and so coins wont be needed as much, causing a decrease in the copper demand. cash or checks also are used

Before Mass
 * B.2 - Converting Copper Laboratory **

Crucible alone = 4.31 g Lid alone = 3.68g Crucible+lid = 7.99g Copper powder = 1.10g crucible+copper = 5.41g Crucible+lid +powder = 9.09g

After Crucible+powder = 5.42 g Crucible+powder+lid = 9.10g Copper mass alone = 1.11g

**Observations** after the first two minutes, the copper turned gray and stuck together, it smelled bad too, after 10 minutes it turned like a reddish color.

1a - chemical. 1b - it turned color when it was heated up. 2a - it turned gray..the pieces kinda stuck together...and it smelled really bad. 2b - they stayed in it because the lid was on and because they sort of stuck together and wouldn't move out. And they weren't a liquid so they couldn't evaporate. 3a - the mass increased 3b - because the heat was added, and caused the reaction, and the molecules that were created mixed with the copper. the oxygen in the air could have increased the mass
 * Questions: **

= B.3 - Metal Reactivity =

1.Describe what happens to the penny when it is placed in the sliver nitrate solution. "When a solution of silver nitrate is added to the copper coin, the reflective coin surface immediately turns dark. Over time, shiny crystals form on the surface, and the solution turns a light blue. Underneath the crystals the rough coin surface shows that some copper metal has dissolved."

2.Describe how ions in solution play a role in chemical reactivity The ions cause the electrons to move and cause oxidation/reduction

3.Explain, in detail, why this is happening,

4.Define Oxidation. When atoms leave some of its electrons in a metal structure. like when copper ions leave two electrons in a metal structure & make a copper(II) ion.

5.Define Reduction. When an elements ion gains an electron from another elements atoms.

6.Explain what happens to the copper atoms during the redox reaction. Copper atoms go into the solution and become an ion

7.Explain what happens to the silver ions during the redox reaction. they come out of the solution and becomes an atom

8.What ultimately controls chemical reactivity? Valence electrons control chemical reactivity.

**B.3 METAL REACTIVITY**

Magnesium actually did react with Zinc Nitrate


 * Lab questions:**

1. Which metal reacted with the most solutions? - Magnesium

2. Which metal reacted with the fewest solutions? - Silver

3. With which of the solutions (if any) would you expect silver metal to react, if it were available to be tested? - any element that was less reactive than silver

4. List the metals (including silver) in order, placing the most reactive metal first (the one reacting with the most solutions) and the least reactive metal last (the one reacting with the fewest solutions). - magnesium, zinc, Copper, Silver

5. Refer to your “metal activity series” list in Question 4. Write a brief explanation of why the outside surface of a penny is made of copper instead of zinc. - Because Zinc reacts with too many things, and Copper doesn't really react with that many things. So they put the more reactive element on the inside so that it doesn't randomly start reacting in your pocket or something.

6. a. Which of the four metals mentioned in this laboratory activity might be an even better choice than copper for the outside surface of a penny? Why? -Silver, because it reacts with none of the solutions, which is less than copper. and that is what they use now. b. Why do you think that metal is not used for that purpose? -Probably because it would be way more expensive, and harder to get.

7. Given your new knowledge about the relative chemical activities of these four metals, a. which metal is most likely to be found in an uncombined, or “free,” (metallic) state in nature? -Silver b. which metal is least likely to be found chemically uncombined with other elements? -Magnesium

8. Reconsider your experimental design for this activity. a. Would it have been possible to eliminate one or more of the metal-solution combinations and still obtain all information needed to create chemical activity ratings for the metals? -Yes b. If so, which combination(s) could have been eliminated? Why? Mg and MgNo3.. Ag and AgNo3... Zn and ZnNo3... Cu and CuNo3

**Activity Series of Metals Assignment** (Oxidation/Reduction Part I)
1. Describe what happens to the size of the Magnesium atoms as they change into Magnesium ions. Do the same for Zinc. Describe what happens when Zn2+(aq) reaction with Mg(s). Describe what happens when Mg2+(aq) reacts with Zn(s).

- When the Magnesium atoms change into Magnesium ions, the electron cloud around them shrinks, and disappears and the little space inside of the atom gets smaller. When the Zinc atom changes into a Zinc ion, it gains electrons and is reduced. -When Zn2+(aq) reacts with Mg(s) the ions become a Zn atom. When Mg2+(aq) reacts with Zn(s) no reaction happens. the Mg atoms lose electrons and get smaller. the Zn atom gains electrons.

Cu2+ and Mg - The Cu2+ ions reacted with Magnesium and made Cu atoms. Cu2+ and Zinc - The Cu2+ ions reacted with zinc and made Cu atoms. Mg2+ and Cu - No reaction occured Zn2+ and Cu - No reaction occured
 * Page 2 videos**

I dont think anything in the prediction boxes will cause a reaction, except the magnesium and zinc. The reaction with Silver ions and Zinc metal probably will be stronger than the Copper Zinc reaction.
 * Page 3**

Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Silver
 * Page 5**

ChemQuandry 1/Building Skills 5
ChemQuandary: They were probably the first elements to be discovered because they were the first elements to be found by themselves, rather than combined with other elements. And because they are very low in conductivity.

1a - from left to right, they go from most reactive to least reactive. b - on the left side. alkaline metals are most reactive. c - the right side. noble gases are least reactive. 2a - The iron will react with the lead nitrate because it is more reactive, and will lose electrons that will go into the lead nitrate solution b - no because the lead nitrate solution is more reactive than the platinum. c - already explained. 3a - no, they are more expensive because of supply and demand. gold and silver are least reactive and they are more expensive.

1. a- Zn: ---> Zn2+ + 2e- b- Ag+ + e- > Ag. that period is a dot :P 2. Oxidation is when you lose electrons. Reduction is when you gain electrons. Zinc reaction was oxidation. Silver reaction was reduction. 3. a- Cu is oxidized b- Ag is reduced 4. Because each copper atom lost two electrons, so the Ag+ ions are needed to replace them. 5. a- the reducing agent must be Cu: b- the atom that is the source of electrons in a reaction. Something that causes reduction to happen. 6. Zn: + Cu2+ > Zn2+ + Cu: 7. a- the Zn: b- the Cu2+ 8. oxidizing agent - Cu2+ reducing agent - Zn: 9. You would just be able to tell by which one became an ion, and which one became an atom. You would be able to answer questions 7 & 8 just by that. 10. Zn2+ + Mg > Zn + Mg2+ which is oxidized? Zn which is reduced? Mg oxidizing agent? Mg reducing agent? Zn
 * Modeling Matter pg.124-125**

**C.5 Retrieving Cooper Lab**

 * || FIRST SAMPLE || SECOND SAMPLE ||
 * Mass of filter paper in grams || .70 g || .69 g ||
 * Mass of filter paper + copper in grams || 1.8 g || 1.61 g ||
 * Amount of copper recovered in grams || 1.1 g || .92 g ||

OBSERVATIONS:

-copper turned red when HCl was added to it because the HCl is more reactive & reduced it -the solution turned blue over night -when the zinc was added to the CuCl2 solution, it started to bubble alot! -condensation occurred on the watch glass -overnight, copper formed on the zinc

QUESTIONS: 1.) a- i think it was because there was a coating on it and the inside couldn't react with anything b- clean it with steel wool and expose the copper underneath 2.) a- 1.10 grams b- 0 % we messed something up 3.) a- Zn: + Cu2+ ---> Zn2+ + Cu: b- zinc was oxidized. copper was reduced. oxidizing agent = copper reducing agent = zinc 4.) a- the solution turned blue when zinc was added turned black or grayish b- a chemical reaction caused the color change zinc replaced copper c- 5.) a- zinc and chlorine b- zinc was used up and the the chlorine stayed in it

** Reading Questionnaire ** ** Section C.6-C.7 pp.145-148 – Conservation in the Community ** 1.) A renewable resource is a resource that can be replenished by natural processes. example = soil, plants. A nonrenewable resource is a resource that can not be readily replenished. example = gas, metals

2.) a: because atoms can be conserved in chemical processes but not all molecules can be. b: yes, a resource can "run out"

3.) The requirements for minimum profitability are from 1% copper or .001% gold to about 30% aluminum. the metal has to cost more alone than it does to obtain the metal.

4.) 2 strategies are: slow down the rate of use for a resource. example: using paper or plastic bags at a store, or have people use thier own reusable bags. Another strategy is to reduce the amount of resources used. the less you use, the more you save. You can also find a material with similar properties of the resource used and replace it.

5.) Yes recycling can cause environmental problems because in the processes used to recycle a resource, the air can get polluted.

6.) An average person throws away almost 4 pounds of trash everyday.

7.) One way a consumer product can become a waste is if someone uses a resource for one thing, gets what they want, and throw it away. (newspapers). They can also become waste when they are discarded for other materials, such as TVs and computers.

8.) A high proportion of combustibles in the waste stream, waste-to-energy plants have become an attractive option. More than 120 waste-to-energy plants currently operate in the United States, burning about 97 000 tons of solid waste per day. Each ton of garbage that serves as “fuel” in these plants produces about a third of the energy released by a similar quantity of coal.

9.) Three options for the final step in the life cycle of a material are 1- recycling 2- landfilling and 3- combustion.

10.) paper, 83.8 million tons

11.) wood, 11.6 million tons

12.) 11.6 - 11 = .6 million tons

13.)

217million tons x 2000 pounds = 434,000 million pounds before 156.3million tons x 2000 pounds = 312,600 million pounds after 434,000million pounds - 312,600 million pounds = 121,400 million pounds not recycled 121,400million pounds / 434,000 million pounds = .28 x 100% = 28% thrown away recycled 312,600 million pounds / 434,000 million pounds = .72 x 100% = 72% recycled thrown away

14.)


 * D.3 Striking It Rich Lab**



Questions:

1. a. **Compare the color of the three coins—untreated (the control), heated in zinc chloride solution only, and heated in zinc chloride solution and in a burner flame.** -the untreated penny was a copper color, and kind of shiney. the penny treated with Zn and ZnCl2 was a silver color. the penny treated with ZnCl2 and heated in a burner flame turned a goldish color with some orange. the penny treated with Zn and ZnCl2 and heated on hot plate turned gold too.

b. **Do the treated coins appear to be composed of metals other than** **copper? If so, explain**. -yes, the penny treated with Zn and ZnCl2 is Copper and Zinc. So are the other pennies we put in a burner flame and on a hot plate. (But didn't they look like "silver" and "gold"? That's what you said in your data table.) -1

2. **If someone claimed that a precious metal was produced in this activity, how would you decide whether the claim was correct?** -you would have to check to see if the metal reacts with anything, the color, and see if it has the same properties as a precious metal. (What about the law of conservation of matter?) -2

3. **Identify at least two practical uses for metallic changes similar to those you observed in this activity**. -they use the metallic changes for bridges. they also use them for pipes. (Pipes I can understand, but bridges? How so? Maybe jewelry or something of this nature.) -1

4. a. **What happened to the copper atoms originally present in the treated pennies?** -the copper atoms were covered with Zn. b. **Do you think the treated pennies could be converted back to ordinary coins? If so, what procedures would you use to accomplish this?** -they might be able to, if you melt them down completely and separate the metals, if that is possible. then the copper could be molded back into a penny. (What about removing the coating from the penny? Could you scratch it off? Could you put it in acid like you did in the Retrieving Copper lab?) -2

D.6 Copper Plating Lab before: nail looked sort of silver, and shiny. the copper was shiny, and a copper color. after: the nail turned copper, and the copper turned a brighter color of copper.

observations: almost as soon as the nail and the copper were put in the solution, the nail turned copper a color.

1. What was the anode in this electrochemical cell? the copper

2. Write an equation for the reaction that occurred at the anode. Cu: --> Cu2+ + 2e- Fe: ---> Fe2+ + 2e-

3. What was the cathode in this cell? the nail

4. Write an equation for the reaction that occurred at the cathode. Fe2+ + 2e- ---> Fe: Cu2+ + 2e- ---> Fe:

5. Does it matter what metal is used for the anode? Explain. yes because you have to coat with the anion.

6. Does it matter what metal is used for the cathode? Explain. yeah, because you wouldn't want to coat something with the same thing its made of. ex: you wouldnt want to coat the copper, with copper.

7. Do you think this method would be useful for large-scale copper plating? Why or why not? no, it would take a lot of energy and a lot of solution. it would take to long. yes, use more electrical or larger amounts of material


 * A.2 Separation by Distillation **


 * LAB QUESTIONS ON PAPER **


 * Building Skills 1 - Hydrocarbon Boiling Points **

corrections? 5. butane has smaller (shorter) molecules

BUILDING SKILLS 3 BOILING POINTS OF ALKANE ISOMERS

1. as the number of branches increases, the boiling point gets lower. 1a- 98.4 degrees celcius 1b- 92.0 degrees celcius 1c- 79.2 degrees celcius

3a: it would have a lower BP than the single chain and the one branch atom, and a higher BP than the three branch one. b: it would be higher than them. longer parent chain.

4.The higher the boiling point is, the less number of branches there are.The parent chain determines the boiling point, so the longer the parent chain, the higher the boiling point. So if the parent chain decreases and branches off more the boiling point will be lower.