Elliott


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 * PARTS OF THE EARTH ASSIGNMENT**

*Must be inorganic *Must be a solid *Must possess an orderly internal structure that is its atoms must be arranged in a definite pattern *Must have a definite chemical composition that may vary within specified limits.
 * 1) Iron and nickel.
 * 2) The crust.
 * 3) Lithosphere.
 * 4) plate tech tonic theory.
 * 5) Lithosphere.
 * 6) Divergent boundary.
 * 7) Boundary between the Pacific plat and the north American plate in California.
 * 8) The denser oceanic crust gets bent and pulled under, or subducted, beneath the lighter and thicker continental crust.
 * 9) mid ocean.
 * 10) A rift forms when two plates diverge
 * 11) *Occur naturally

2) Hardness Crystal structure  Optical properties

1) copper - pure 2) Pseudobrookite oxide mineral of titanium along with iron 3) Hornblende Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Si,Al)8O22(OH)2.

**HEATING LAB - Converting Copper**
b: the color change means that its chemical b: yes because the color changed and the mass increased b: the mass may have increased because heat makes thing expand and the copper may have expanded. And the copper could have reacted with fumes from the flame and gas.
 * 1) a: Chemical changes.
 * 1) a: the color changed and the mass increased.
 * 1) a: the mass of the copper increased.

Copper is mined, reduction,molted, molded, used in a permanent place or recycled.

HEATING LAB - Converting Copper (Continued)
**Before heating** Crucible 9.33 Copper 1.10 Lid 8.85 Crucible and lid 18.18 Copper and crucible 10.43 Crucible lid and copper 19.28 **After heating** Crucible and copper 10.46 Crucible lid and copper 19.31 Copper 1.13 1. a. Were the changes you observed physical or chemical? b. How do you know? 2. a. Describe the changes you observed as you heated the copper. b. Did the copper atoms remain in the crucible? Explain. 3. a. What happened to the mass of the crucible contents after you heated the copper? b. Why do you think the mass changed? b: the color change means that it's b: yes because the color changed and the mass increased b: the mass may have increased because heat makes thing expand and the copper may have expanded. And the copper could have reacted with fumes from the flame and gas.
 * 1) a: Chemical changes.
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">a: the color changed and the mass increased.
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">a: the mass of the copper increased.


 * COULDN'T TRANSFER FROM ONE NOTE!**

**building skills 4**
1) reactivity is low. malleable. ductile. resistance to corrosion

2) a: if you recycle the material it would increase the availability

b: there will be a limit because there is only so much of the element the you can mine.

3) a: use credit cards dollar bills or checks. b: cell phone, writing, fiber optics, c: solar power, d: use aluminum.

1) a: change was chemical. b: the color change and mass change indicated that the change was chemical.

2) a: the color changed and the mass changed as well. b: for the most part because they couldn't move on their own but they also could have come out when we were stirring the copper.

3) the mass increased b:

**B3**
1) the copper received a silver coating and turned the solution blue due to the copper coming off into the solution. 2) copper gave an electron to an electron 3) copper loses a molecule and gains an electron from the solution 4) oxidation is the result of the atom loosing two electron 5) reduction is the result of the atom gaining one electron 6) the silver can pull away electrons from the copper and becomes the copper ions 7) the ions come out of the solution and onto the penny 8) valance electrons control chemical reactivity.

**B3 LAB**
Zinc with silver nitrate caused the metal to turn black and to break down and expand Zinc with magnesium nitrate had no reaction. zinc with zinc nitrate Zinc with copper nitrate made the solution turn a greenish color and made the metal turn dark grey/black. Copper with silver nitrate caused the metal to break down and expand also turned a brown color Copper with magnesium nitrate had no reaction. Copper with zinc nitrate had no reaction. Copper with copper nitrate caused the solution to turn light blue and the metal to look stained. Magnesium with silver nitrate expanded the metal a lot and caused it to turn black broke down Magnesium with magnesium nitrate had no reaction. Magnesium with zinc nitrate no major reaction just turned the metal a slightly darker grey. Magnesium with copper nitrate turned the solution bright green and caused the metal to turn a blueish color and broke down. Silver with silver nitrate no reaction Silver with magnesium nitrate no reaction Silver with zinc nitrate no reaction Silver with copper nitrate no reaction

**Activity Series of Metals**
1) The cloud seems to disappear

2) The element the two things were combined with seemed to have disappeared and then the cloud around one Mg transferred to the other and then that element was lost and the Zn atom combined with the Mg. Zinc is being reduced.

3) The other element disappeared again and then the Mg tried to combine with the Zn but the Zn resisted and the Mg bounced off of the Zn

4)No reaction between Mg2 and Cu

5) No reaction between Zn ands Cu

6) The reaction between Cu2 and Mg was that the Cu2 took the place and cloud of the Mg and the two atoms of Mg were lost from the mixture.

7) The reaction between Zn and Cu2 was the same reaction that Mg had with Cu2. The Cu2 combined with the Zn and took the place of two atoms and their cloud and the two atoms of Zn floated off and was no longer a part of the compound.

8 )This means that there will not be a reaction between Zn and Ag because if Zn is more reactive the Cu and didn’t have a reaction then it wont react with Ag

9) Mg, Zn, Cu, Ag

=** ChemQuandary **= QUESTION: Copper, gold, and silver are far from being the most abundant metals on Earth. Aluminum, iron, and calcium, for example, are all much more plentiful. Why, then, were copper, gold, and silver among the first metallic elements discovered?

ANSWER: they're free elements and not chemically combined with other elements because they don't react

**Building skills 5** <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">1) a. QUESTION : What trend in metallic reactivity is found from left to right across a horizontal row (period) of the Periodic Table? (Hint: Compare the reactivities of sodium, magnesium, and aluminum.)  a. ANSWER : The reactivity seems to be decreasing because  b. QUESTION : In which part of the Periodic Table are the most-reactive metals found?  b. ANSWER : the left side. The alkali metals.  c. QUESTION : Which part of the Periodic Table contains the least-reactive metals?  c. ANSWER: the right side. The transition metals

<span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">2) a. QUESTION : Will iron (Fe) metal react with a solution of lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2? a. ANSWER : yes it would react because iron is more reactive  b. QUESTION : Will platinum (Pt) metal react with a lead(II) nitrate solution?  b. ANSWER : there would be no reaction because the lead is more reactive  c. QUESTION : Explain your answers to Questions 2a and 2b.  c. ANSWER : if the metal is more reactive than the solution then there will always be a reaction, but if the metal is less reactive  than the solution then there will not be a reaction.

3. Use specific examples from the activity series in your answers to these two questions: a. QUESTION : Are least-reactive metals also the cheapest metals? a. ANSWER : gold and silver are low in reactivity but they're also the most expensive. b. QUESTION : If not, what other factor(s) might influence the market value of a material? b. ANSWER : amount of metal being mined and the distance to the market.

**Oxidation/reduction part 2** **Oxidation** is defined as the interaction between oxygen molecules and all the different substances they may contact, from metal to living tissue. Technically, however, with the discovery of electrons, oxidation came to be more precisely defined as the loss of at least one electron when two or more substances interact. **Reduction** is when an atom gains 2 electrons. [|www.wisegeek.com] **Reduction** is when an atom gains 2 electrons. An oxidising agent is substance which oxidises something else. In the above example, the iron(III) oxide is the oxidising agent. A reducing agent reduces something else. In the equation, the carbon monoxide is the reducing agent. *Oxidising agents give oxygen to another substance. *Reducing agents remove oxygen from another substance. []


 * Modeling matter **

1) a: Zn --> An2+ + 2e- b: Ag+ + 1e- --> Ag

2) a: Ag b: Cu

3) so that one can go to each

4) Oxidizing agent causes oxidation to occur and a reducing agent causes reduction

5)

6)

7) a: Zn b: Cu2+

8)

** Reading Questionnaire ** ** Section C.6-C.7 pp.145-148 – Conservation in the Community **

ANSWER: renewable resources can eventually be replenished by natural process. nonrenewable resources cannot be rapidly replenished
 * 1) QUESTION: Describe the main differences between renewable and nonrenewable resources and provide an example of each.

2) QUESTION: a) If atoms are always conserved why do some people say that a resource may be “running out”? ANSWER: people say this because the atoms are conserved chemically and because the atoms may be a metal which is nonrenewable.

b) Can a resource actually “run out”? ANSWER: no because a resource particularly metals can be depleted in other ways.

3) QUESTION: What are the requirements for minimum profitability levels for a metal in an ore?

ANSWER: depends on the metal and its ore.

4) QUESTION: Identify and explain the two strategies for avoiding the depletion of metal ores.

ANSWER:

5) QUESTION : Can recycling also create environmental problems? If so, explain how this can happen. ANSWER: someone burning certain products can cause carbon dioxide which pollutes the air.

6) QUESTION: How much trash does the average person produce per day? ANSWER: the average person creates about four pounds of garbage a day

7) QUESTION: Identify two ways that consumer products can become waste. ANSWER:

_
 * 1) Describe a way of dealing with recyclable waste that might be profitable good for energy use.
 * 1) What are the three options for the final step in the life cycle of a material?

_ **Directions:** Answer questions 10 - 13 using Figure 21 __ __
 * 1) Which waste category has the greatest weight before recycling? What is the weight of this waste produced?
 * 1) Using Figure 21 on page147 identify which waste category has the least weight before recycling? What is the weight of this waste?
 * 1) Calculate the difference between the waste produced from your answer to question 11 and the amount of waste produced after recycling. Remember these values are in __millions of tons__, so make sure that you calculate correctly and label with the correct units of measure. (1 ton = 2000 lbs)
 * 2) If we compare the Total Generation of Waste **(before recycling)** to the Total Discards of Waste **(after recycling)**, what percentage of waste is actually thrown away? What percentage of the Total Generation of Waste is actually recycled? Show your calculations below using the correct units of measure and labels.
 * 3) Draw the diagram in Figure 22, on page 148, in the space below. Compare this to Figure 20 on page 146. Match and Label the location of the steps in figure 20 to your diagram by connecting them with lines/arrows around the outside.

__**SOME MORE ANSWERED FROM READING QUESTIONS I ABSENT WHEN TURNED IN AND HAD THIS IN ONE NOTE**__

**Renewable Resources are resources that are easy to Find and they can be found again** **nonrenewable resource are something that May run out or become hard to find** **Finding an alternative material to use to make a house hold item.** **Burning things causes carbon dioxide.** **The average amount of trash a person produces about 4 pounds a day.** **Things become waste because you constantly updating technology** **Paper products are burned.** **Recycling land filling and combustion** **Paper 83.8 million tons.** **Wood 11.6 million tons.** **11.6 - 11 = 0.6 .6 million tons**

1. What feature of diamond’s structure may account for its property as a hard, rigid substance, one that can scratch most other materials? ANSWER: the diamond internal structure is a pyramidal shape which causes it the have a very tough property and can make it scratch things very easily.

2. How might the structure of diamond help explain why it is sometimes found in the form of large, single crystals? ANSWER: repeating pattern cause them to have strong structure.

3. What feature of graphite’s structure might account for its usefulness as a lubricant? ANSWER: stacks and layers cause it to rub off

4. Why are fullerenes “powdery” as solids rather than composed of large-scale “chunks”? ANSWER: Fullerenes have 60 carbon hollow spheres which resembles a soccer ball. they are not all connected and the property is linked to how the atoms of the element are linked and organized.

5. A molecule of buckminsterfullerene (C60) can be regarded as a hollow sphere. Chemists have demonstrated that it is possible to place an atom of another element inside the sphere. Can you think of any practical application for “carrying” atoms of another element inside fullerene molecules? ANSWER: antibiotics can be put into these structures.


 * Condition || Appearance ||
 * Untreated penny || Copper color with dirt in the divits ||
 * Penny treated with Zn and ZnCl2 || Turned grey but has a copper colored spot on both sides. you can see the spot where the zinc was sitting on the coin ||
 * Penny treated with Zn Znl2 and heated in burner flame || Turned somewhat orange when turned in the light you can see a ring of all different colors. ||
 * Penny treated with Zn and ZnCl2 and placed on the hot plate || Turned a yellow color but still has some copper spots in the middle of one side and on the bottom of the front

//**QUESTIONS ON PAPER**// ||

= = =**COPPER PLATING LAB**=

Nail before plating - silver, shiny. Copper before put into solution - bronze color, shiny. Nail during coating - bubbles and turning to a copper color. Copper during coating process - turning lighter. Nail after coating - turned red and looks rusted. Copper after coating process - lighter bronzy color. 1. QUESTION: What was the anode in this electrochemical cell? ANSWER: the nail was the anode. **COPPER** 2. QUESTION: Write an equation for the reaction that occurred at the anode. ANSWER: Cu2+ + Fe **Fe2+ + 2e**- 3. QUESTION: What was the cathode in this cell? ANSWER: copper was the cathode. **NAIL** 4.QUESTION: Write an equation for the reaction that occurred at the cathode. ANSWER: Fe2+ + Cu **Cu2+ + 2e-** 5. QUESTION: Does it matter what metal is used for the anode? Explain. ANSWER: yes because you are coating the nail with that. If you run out of copper in the solution then the copper itself will be used. 6. QUESTION: Does it matter what metal is used for the cathode? Explain. ANSWER: yes because that is the thing that’s giving off the electrons to the copper making it neutral. 7. QUESTION: Do you think this method would be useful for large-scale copper plating? Why or why not? ANSWER: I do think that it would be useful because you can make the iron ions neutral and it plated the iron with copper.

__**hydrocarbon boiling points**__ __**building skills 1**__
1a: it is organized by alphabetic order. 1b: i don't think that it is helpful when presenting information because the boiling points are not in any specific order they dont go from greatest to least or least to greatest. 2a: i believe that the data should be organized by boiling points from least to greatest.. 2b: methane -161.7 ethane -88.6 propane -42.1 butane -0.5 pentane 36.1 hexane 68.7 heptane 98.4 octane 125.7 nonane 150.8 decane 174.0 3: methane, ethane, propane, and butane. 4: pentane. 5: i think that the intermolecular forces between decane is stronger than in butane.

as the carbon strands get shorter the boiling point get lower as well. 1a: 98.4 1b: 92.0 1c: 79.2

2a: The boiling point of the given model is lower than the first two models, but higher than the last model. 2b: the boiling point would be much higher.

3: The more carbon atoms that are in the parent chain the higher the boiling point and the more energy it takes to separate. The more branches you have will cause the parent chain to decrease and then the boiling point will decrease.