Barnes


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Parts of Earth Assignment 1.) What is the main composition of the Earth's core? Nickel and Iron 2.) Which layer of the Earth is thinnest? The crust 3.) Which layer of the Earth is the source of all of the materials that we use? The Lithosphere. 4.) What is the theory that describes the changes of the earth's surface over time? Pangaea (**Plate Tectonics**) 5.) Which layer of the Earth is described in question 4? Lithosphere. 6.)Which type of boundary marks the location where two plates move apart from one another? Divergent Boundry 7.)Give an example of a transform boundary. An example of a transform boundry is Pacific plate and North American in California. 8.) Define a subduction zone. "Oceanic crust tends to be denser and thinner than continental crust, so the denser oceanic crust gets bent and pulled under, or subducted, beneath the lighter and thicker continental crust."(Web Definition.) Oceanic crust is thinner than Continental crust so the oceanic crust 9.) What causes sea floor spreading? Mid ocean ridge cause seafloor spreading. 10.) Describe the formation of a rift. A rift forms when 2 plates diverge.

=** What are Minerals? **=


 * 1.) Identify the 5 essential characteristics of a mineral **


 * It must occur naturally.
 * It must be inorganic
 * It must be a solid
 * It must possess an orderly internal structure, that is, its atoms must be arranged in a definite pattern.
 * It must have a definite chemical composition that may vary within specified limits."


 * 2.) Identify three properties used to identify minerals. **
 * Hardness
 * Optical Properties
 * Crystal Structure


 * 3.) Identify three examples a mineral. Identify the composition of each mineral by the formula of the compound and name of a compound. **
 *  Flourite CaF 2 Calcium and Fluorine. Calcium Fluorite.
 * Lead. Is most common in the ore sulfide galena PbS
 *  Ruby. Made of the mineral corundum which is aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3

=**Building Skills 4**=

b.) Yes there is a limited role it can play because copper can only be used for certain things it will not be available to use for certain needs. 3. a.) Perhaps the use of digital currency b.) Could lower the demand for copper by using silver as a conductor this will reduce demand for copper and silver is a better conductor c.) Silver is also another good use for this because it has higher conductivity and is ductile so would be a great replacement for copper to reduce the demand of copper. d.) This is the same thing as for the communications. House wiring uses a lot of copper wiring so instead of using so much copper wiring you could start to use other metals like silver or steel these are also 2 that are used often as wiring.
 * 1) What factors make it worthwhile for a mining company to mine in a specific location for a particular ore?
 * <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">How much useful ore is at the site
 * <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Amount of metal in the ore
 * <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Type of mining needed to extract the metal from that ore
 * <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Distance of the mine from metal refining facilities and markets
 * <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Metals supply versus demand status.
 * 1) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">List and describe the seven steps in the copper cycle. (They are not all listed word-for-word. You will have to use your own description in some instances.)
 * 2) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Copper is mined
 * 3) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Reduction
 * 4) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Copper Metal (molten)
 * 5) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Molding Casting
 * 6) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Used for electrical and non electrical uses
 * 7) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Scattered throughout the country or
 * 8) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Recycled Copper
 * 9) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Answer questions #1-3 on pp.115-116 (Building Skills 4)
 * 10) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Copper is an appropriate choice for these uses. Copper is a metal and is conductive and would work well with Electrical like motors and house wiring. It would also be good for nonelectrical like plumbing and coins etc.. Because it again is a metal and would work well for making coins and piped for plumbing.
 * 11) <span style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.75pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">a.) If recycling of scrap copper was increased the availibility of scrap copper would increase.

**Converting Copper Lab** (no data table -10)
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Changes that I noticed were chemical
 * 2) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">What I noticed was the color of the copper changed. Color change is a sign of chemical reaction
 * 3) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The changes I observed was the copper changed color and it started to harden and stiffen which is why we had to stir it so often
 * 4) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Yes because it is still copper it is just not the original color
 * 5) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The mass of the crucible increased
 * 6) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">It increases because it reacting with the oxygen in the air and producing copper oxide.

**B.3 - Metal Reactivity** <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Go to the [|W.H. Freeman ChemcCom Website]. <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Follow the links Unit 2 > Section B > Copper Redox Reaction. Answer the following questions about these six pages.


 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Describe what happens to the penny when it is placed in the sliver nitrate solution.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The penny turns dark and looks like crystals start to form and the some of the copper looks as if it starts to dissolve
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Describe how ions in solution play a role in chemical reactivity
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Ions play a role in chemical reactivity because they gain electrons causing the reaction
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Explain, in detail, why this is happening,
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">At the surface silver ions gain one electron each to become silver atoms, now they are neutral so they stay on the surface. Now there is less electron cloud in the surface. A copper(II) ion Is pulled out by water molecules. One copper(II) ion leaves for every two silver atoms that are formed on the surface.
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Define Oxidation.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The copper atom leaves its two electrons in the metal structure creating a copper(II) ion
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Define Reduction.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">It is reduction when a silver ion gains an electron from a copper atom
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Explain what happens to the copper atoms during the redox reaction.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The copper atoms lose electrons
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Explain what happens to the silver ions during the redox reaction.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Two silver ions will gain one electron each for every two electrons lost by a copper atom
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> What ultimately controls chemical reactivity? The collision of two compounds in a certain orientation.  ** (electrons) **

All of it turns black and starts' To corrode and flake. || none || None ||
 * || CuNO3 || AgNO3 || MgNO3 || ZnNO3 ||
 * Cu || Turns black starts to corrode || Black and corrode/flakes. || No reaction. || Bubbling ||
 * Mg ||  || Bubbles || none || none ||
 * Zn || Black and corrodes || Larger reaction then rest
 * Ag || None || None || None || None ||


 * Mg || Shiny metallic ||
 * Cu || shiny metallic ||
 * Zn || Dull not as shiny ||

**Relative Reactivities of Metals Lab questions.** 1.) Mg 2.) Ag  3.)None of them.(Anything less reactive then silvers)  4.)Mg, Zn, Cu, Ag. 5.)The outside is copper because copper does not react well and makes a good metal to put on a coin because you wouldn’t want it reacting if it was in your pocket or hands, Zinc reacts more than copper which is why copper is used. 6.) a.) silver because it did not react with any of the chemicals.  b.) Silver is not used because it is an expensive metal and would probably cost a lot more to make coins with this metal than silver. 7.) a.) Silver would be most likely because it would most likely not react with anything and stay just Ag b.)Mg would more than likely be found combined with other elements because it was proven to e highly reactive.  8.)Yes you could have eliminated one and still have basically the same information. b.)You could have eliminated MgNO3 because it did not react with any of the metals.

**Activity Series of Metals Assignment** (Oxidation/Reduction Part I)
1. a. Mg is surrounded by a two-electron cloud b. Zn is also surrounded by a two-electron cloud. c. Zn2+ ions rise on top of the Mg metal to gain two electrons each to become Zn atoms d. But when Mg2+ ions rise to surface of the Zn metal no reaction occurs. 2. a. Mg2+ and Copper metal = No reaction b. Zn2+ and Copper metal = No reaction c. Cu2+ and Mg metal = Cu2+ ions gain two electrons each to become Cu atoms d.Cu2+ and Zn Metal = Cu2+ ions gain two electrons each to become Cu atoms

3. Ag+ and Mg Reactive. Mg+ ions gain an electron each to become Mg atoms Ag+ and Zn Reactive. Ag+ ions gain an electron each to become Mg atoms Zn2+ and Ag Not Reactive. Mg2+ and Ag Not Reactive.

4. Most reactive to least reactive is Mg Zn Cu Ag = **Modeling Matter** = 1.
 * Zn: > Zn2+ + 2 e-
 * Ag + + e- -> Ag.

2. Question A.) is Reduction because we are taking away those two valance electrons Question B.) is Oxidation because we are adding that electron to silver.

3.)

a.) Ag+ b.) Cu

4.) copper loses two electrons each. the copper atoms are oxidized and the two electrons are replaced by the two Ag+ ions.

5a.)Cu(s) 5b.)The atom that provides the electrons in the reaction.

6.)Zn.(s) + Cu: (aq) > Zn: (aq) + Cu.(s)

7a.)Cu2+ (aq) 7b.)Zn(s)

8.) Oxidizing : Cu2+(aq)  Reducing : Zn(s)

9.)

You would tell by which one was the more reactive element. The more reactive one would be the reducing agent and the less reactive one would be the oxidizing agent.

10a.)Oxidized: Zn2+(aq) 10b.)Reduced: Mg(s) 10c.)Oxidizing agent: Zn2+(aq) 10d.)Reducing agent: Mg(s)

Building Skills 5

1.)

a.) The reactivity of the metals decrease from left to right b.)The left side of the periodic table like the alkali metals. c.)The right side of the table like the transition metals.

2.)

a.)Yes more reactive b.)No lead more reactive 3.) a.)Well no because gold and silver are really low reactivity metals and they are expensive metals.

b.)Other factors that could affect the market value of a metal would be the amount of usable metal that is able to be mined for that certain metal or maybe the distance from the mine to the markets

= Section Summary = 1a.) Mantle- Divided into two regions; layer is made up of hot semisolid rock Core - only liquid layer; nickel & iron is found here (outer) & extremely hot nickel: iron is found here (inner)  Crust - Hard & rigid; its the earths outermost & thinnest layer  b.) Core

2.) Fe & Ni

3.) United States

4.)Yes because the U.S.A is one of the wealthiest nations

5.) The amount of useful ore at the site % of metal in the ore  type of mining & processing needed to extract the metal from its ore  distance of the mine from the markets  Metal supply vs The demand

6.)Finding of more potential gold

7.)They can be made into different materials.

8.)Because easily react & not long lasting

9.)Silver because of its low reactivity

10.)Because most metals are susceptible to oxidation

11.)B because silver in the first equation is a solid and silver as a solid doesn't react but in B silver is a liquid so its able to react

12a.)The iron spoon is more reactive and would lose electrons and go into the solution, the iron spoon would start to dissolve b.)Pb 2+ (aq) + Fe(s) ---> Pb(s) +Fe 2+ (aq)

13a.) Au 3+ + 3e- ---> Au b.) V ---> V 2+ + 2e- c) Mg ---. Mg+ + e-

14a.)Reduction b.)Oxidation c.)Reduction

15a.) Ni 2+ because it had lost electrons b.) Zn because it gained the electrons c.)Ni 2+

16a.) Electrometurally uses electric currents to supply electrons b.) Pyrometurally treating ores by heat c.) Hydrometurally supplies electrons with water solution

17a.) Pyrometurally b.) Hydrometurally

18.) By coating the Zinc which is more reactive with the less reactive copper

19.) Density of the gold

21.) The gold in the sea water is gonna be more reactive to chemicals then other gold not found in the sea water

23.) Yes because more reactive are at the top. =Reading Questionnaire=

1.) Renewable can be replenished over time Non-Renewable can not be rapidly replenished

2.) a.) The reason people say this is because the right at which we are using the resource is much more then the rate at which it can replenish. So the total amount is decreasing b.) No a material can always be reproduce just some will take millions of years before any can be made.

3.) The minimium level depends on the metal and its ore. From a low 1% copper or 0.001% Gold to a higher 30% aluminum.

4.) One is slow down the rate at which we use the resource. The second is to find replacement materials with the similar properties, be best to find replacements that are renewable.

5.) Yes because the process used to recycle some products requires you to use some materials that are environmentally dangerous.

6.) An average person throws away 2 KG or 4 lbs of unwanted material away per day.

7.) Consumers products can become waste, such as the newspaper you buy, ones it has fulfilled its purpose you throw it away becoming waste. Your old computers become waste once you replace them with newer models.

8.) A waste-to-energy plant would be a good option and has recently become an attractive option.

9.) Recycling, Landfilling, and combustion for energy production.

10.) Paper, 83.8 Million tons

11.) Wood, 11.6 Million tons

12.) The difference is .6 million tons

13.) We generated 217 Million tons of waste before recycling, After recycling we generated 156.3 Million tons.72% of waste is discarded and only 28% is recycled.

14.)

=Separating Copper Lab=

**Separating copper oxide from sample**


 * Mass of filter paper || .62 ||
 * Mass of filter paper & copper after dried || 1.76 ||
 * Mass of copper sample || 1.09 ||

**Converting copper chloride to copper**


 * Mass of copper sample || .16 ||
 * Mass of filter paper || .60 ||
 * Mass of filter paper & copper after dried || .76 ||

=Building Skills 11=

1.) Every carbon atom is linked to four other carbon atoms. These bonds can hold each carbon in place in a rigid 3D structure. And the covalent bonds.

2.)Because there all connected to each other with covalent bonds and the bonds they have is what makes it as strong as it is, so there's no chance for this diamond to break and be found in smaller pieces.

3.) how the atoms are flattened into sheets and stacked in layers.

4.) They are not found in chunks because they are hollow balls much similar to soccer balls. So the powder consist of these "soccer balls" that don't bond with each other like a diamonds structure does.

5.) Could use as capsules for medication. =Lab=

Questions
1.) a.) The coins that were treated with either the hot plate or the burner turned gold as the final outcome. The untreated penny staid the some of course and (What happened to the penny treated with zinc only?) -1 b.) Yes two of the pennies have a Zinc coating on it (True, but did they look like "Silver" or "Gold"?) -1 2.) The claim is incorrect because it was just a copper penny with a Zinc coating (But how can you prove this? You need to explain the Law of Conservation of Matter) -2 3.) For Pipes or use of a coin with a different look. 4.) a.)Went into the Zinc solution. (No, they are still there in the same place they have always been.) -1 b.)Yes we would just have to repeat our converting copper lab. (No you would have to do something else. This process "coated" the penny, but it won't remove the coating. You may want to scratch off the coating to get it back to it's original state.) -2

Data Table
and heated in burner flame ||  || =Building Skills 12= 1.) Electrical wiring- Silver more expenisve but also more conductive Pot and pans- Cast iron or anodized aluminum shell casings- Nickel 2.) Bowls instead of glass bowls. Eating utensils. Cups etc. 3.) Silver should most likely replace copper in electrical wiring or anything to do with electric becuase it is more conuductive.
 * Condition || Appearance ||
 * Untreated penny || Copper color with dirt in the divits ||
 * Penny treated with Zn and ZnCl 2 ||   ||
 * Penny treated with Zn and ZnCl2

=Copper Plating Lab= that was in the solution was more red. || =Lab Questions=
 * Nail Before || Iron Metallic colored ||
 * Nail After || Red copper color, looked rusty ||
 * Copper Before || Copper colored, shiny ||
 * Copper After || Still had a copper color but the part

1.) Anode was the copper piece. 2.) Cu2+ 3.) Cathode was the iron nail 4.)Fe: ---> Fe 2+ + 2e- 5.) Yes because your coating the nail in copper so if all the copper ran out of the solution then the new source of copper would be that copper piece. 6.) No the cathode in this case does not matter because your coating the cathode with the copper. The only the thing the Cathode cant be is Copper because coating copper with copper doesn't make sense. 7.) I wouldn't see why not because you could coat copper onto a larger scale metal.

=Section Summary 2.D=

1.) Allotropes are two or more forms of an element that have distinctly different physical or chemical properties 2.) Diamond and fullerene. Diamond is hard and shiny very expensive. The fullerene is a powder and not hard at all its black not very shiny or metallic looking, not as expensive. 3.) The quantity is what makes the diamond more pricey of graphite. Theres less daimond then there is graphite. 4.) An Alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals. 5.) Steel is used everywhere for construction. And we use aluminum alot today for aluminum foil. 6.) 7.) Majority of them are found in the "other metals" section of the periodic table. 8.) Yes because this causes and impurity wich is doping 9.) Paints, Varnishes, and Shellacs. 10.) Electroplating can be applied to steel to keep from rusting or wearing away.

=Section 3.A (36/42) =

**Seperation by Distilation**
2a.) First substance distilled at about 83 F and second distiled around 103 F b.) I think they match apropiatly because around the time the temp stopped we started getting more drops. 3.) Our first beaker was 2-propanol and second was water 4.) First distilate temp - 86.25 Second beaker - 101.5 First distilate mode - No Mode. Second distilate - both 101 and 103 occur the same. 4b.)Maybe we heated at different temperatures/rates 5.)Propanol (explain? - 1) 6.) Possibly used the idoine in the substance and see what you get, (this would be the same test, could you use a different reactant or retest using the same method, i.e. distillation? -1) 7.)Propanol and Cyclohexane because there boiling temps are so close together 8.) if you did a graph of all 4 the your first temp would most likely start around 56 F and continue on to around 100 F so compared to our 2 substance graph the 4 substance graph would be much longer in time and theres posiiblity of mess up with propanol and cyclohexane because they boil at about the same temp.

8b)? (-4)

Building Skills 1
1.) The information is in alphabetical order on the left and on the right is the boiling points. b.) Yes this is useful because if your looking for a specific element then you will be able to easily find it.

2.) If you was looking specificly at the just boiling points then you could put boiling points from least to greatest. b.) 3.) Butane, Methane, Ethane, Propane
 * Methane || -161.7 ||
 * Ethane || -88.6 ||
 * Propane || -42.6 ||
 * Butane || -0.5 ||
 * Pentane || 36.1 ||
 * Hexane || 68.7 ||
 * Heptane || 98.4 ||
 * Octane || 125.7 ||
 * Nonane || 150.8 ||
 * Decane || 174.0 ||

4.) Pentane

5.) That intermolecular forces on Dectane are much greater then Butane

=Building Skills 3=

1.) As the branches increase the boiling point Temp starts to decrease. a.)98.4 degrees C b.)92.0 degrees C c.)79.2 degrees C 3.) It would have lower boiling point then both single chain and one branch but higher boiling temp then the 3 branch. b.) It would have a higher boiling temp then all of the C5H12 isomers 4.) The trend is usually the higher the boiling temp the less branches it will have. The longer the parent chain the higher the boiling point will be so the more it branches the lower the boiling temp will get.